Fingolimod-Associated Macular Edema in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder categorized by inflammatory processes with high prevalence worldwide. It affects both motor and sensory pathways also associated the visual pathway. Fingolimod commonly used drug for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. sphingosine 1-phosphate modulator acting on its receptors immune cell accumulation, neuronal function, embryological development, vascular permeability, smooth muscle endothelial barrier maintenance. This review aims to understand processes, mechanisms, risks, management of fingolimod-associated macular edema. Due anti-inflammatory properties fingolimod, it decreases various cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1B IL-6, spike wave, amplitude, in electrophysiological activities insoluble advanced glycation end product ligand. A daily dosage 0.5 mg fingolimod has an increased association The serious adverse events are lymphopenia, cardiovascular events, ocular carcinoma. brain volume increases resulting damage blood-retinal barrier, which causes risk Cystoid edema more common older individuals suffering from comorbidities affecting retina, such as diabetes, or those undergoing ophthalmological surgeries. highlights importance regular ophthalmology examinations patients consuming initial stages chronic use. treatment options include nonsteroidal drugs, acetazolamide, triamcinolone, ketorolac, corticosteroids, intravitreal procedures.